Eisenstein series are an essential ingredient in the spectral theory of automorphic forms and an important tool in the theory of L-functions. They have also been exploited extensively by number theorists for many arithmetic purposes. Bringing together contributions from areas that do not usually interact with each other, this volume introduces diverse users of Eisenstein series to a variety of important applications. With this juxtaposition of perspectives, the reader obtains deeper insights into the arithmetic of Eisenstein series. The central theme of the exposition focuses on the common structural properties of Eisenstein series occurring in many related applications that have arisen in several recent developments in arithmetic. The book also deals with key problems in the field, such as whether it is possible to identify a class of Eisenstein series whose Fourier coefficients (resp. special values) encode significant arithmetic information, and whether such series fit into p-adic families.